Thread starter paldepind Start date Mar 30, I then owerwrote my 60GB Windows partition with another Windows installation. Your topic has been discussed several times here on the forum Well, then I'm sorry but I can't find any of them..
DutchDaemon Administrator Staff member. Search for multiboot, dual boot, etc. That's what I've already done..
Beastie Daemon Reaction score: Messages: 2, After making the needed selections, press 1 or Backspace to return to the main boot menu, then press Enter to continue booting into FreeBSD. A series of boot messages will appear as FreeBSD carries out its hardware device probes and loads the installation program. Once the boot is complete, the welcome menu shown in Welcome Menu will be displayed. Press Enter to select the default of Install to enter the installer.
The rest of this chapter describes how to use this installer. Otherwise, use the right or left arrows or the colorized letter to select the desired menu item. The Shell can be used to access a FreeBSD shell in order to use command line utilities to prepare the disks before installation. The live version is described in Using the Live CD. To review the boot messages, including the hardware device probe, press the upper- or lower-case S and then Enter to access a shell.
When finished, type exit to return to the welcome menu. This section shows the order of the bsdinstall menus and the type of information that will be asked before the system is installed. Use the arrow keys to highlight a menu option, then Space to select or deselect that menu item.
When finished, press Enter to save the selection and move onto the next screen. Before starting the process, bsdinstall will load the keymap files as show in Keymap Loading. After the keymaps have been loaded bsdinstall displays the menu shown in Keymap Selection Menu.
Use the up and down arrows to select the keymap that most closely represents the mapping of the keyboard attached to the system. Press Enter to save the selection. Pressing Esc will exit this menu and use the default keymap. In addition, when selecting a different keymap, the user can try the keymap and ensure it is correct before proceeding as shown in Keymap Testing Menu. Type in a hostname that is unique for the network.
It should be a fully-qualified hostname, such as machine3. Deciding which components to install will depend largely on the intended use of the system and the amount of disk space available. The FreeBSD kernel and userland, collectively known as the base system , are always installed. Depending on the architecture, some of these components may not appear:. The installation program does not check for adequate disk space. Select this option only if sufficient hard disk space is available.
Although not required for the majority of applications, it may be required to build device drivers, kernel modules, or some applications from the Ports Collection. It is also used for developing FreeBSD itself. The menu shown in Installing from the Network only appears when installing from a -bootonly.
Since the installation files must be retrieved over a network connection, this menu indicates that the network interface must be configured first. If this menu is shown in any step of the process remember to follow the instructions in Configuring Network Interfaces. Manual partitioning allows advanced users to create customized partitions from menu options.
Shell opens a shell prompt where advanced users can create customized partitions using command-line utilities like gpart 8 , fdisk 8 , and bsdlabel 8. This section describes what to consider when laying out the disk partitions. It then demonstrates how to use the different partitioning methods. When laying out file systems, remember that hard drives transfer data faster from the outer tracks to the inner.
This partition is used to hold mailboxes, log files, and printer spools. Mailboxes and log files can grow to unexpected sizes depending on the number of users and how long log files are kept. At least 2 gigabytes of space is recommended for this partition. When selecting partition sizes, keep the space requirements in mind. Running out of space in one partition while barely using another can be a hassle. As a rule of thumb, the swap partition should be about double the size of physical memory RAM.
Systems with minimal RAM may perform better with more swap. Configuring too little swap can lead to inefficiencies in the VM page scanning code and might create issues later if more memory is added.
On larger systems with multiple SCSI disks or multiple IDE disks operating on different controllers, it is recommended that swap be configured on each drive, up to four drives. The swap partitions should be approximately the same size. The kernel can handle arbitrary sizes but internal data structures scale to 4 times the largest swap partition.
Keeping the swap partitions near the same size will allow the kernel to optimally stripe swap space across disks. Large swap sizes are fine, even if swap is not used much. It might be easier to recover from a runaway program before being forced to reboot. By properly partitioning a system, fragmentation introduced in the smaller write heavy partitions will not bleed over into the mostly read partitions.
When this method is selected, a menu will display the available disk s. If multiple disks are connected, choose the one where FreeBSD is to be installed.
Once the disk is selected, the next menu prompts to install to either the entire disk or to create a partition using free space. If Entire Disk is chosen, a general partition layout filling the whole disk is automatically created. Selecting Partition creates a partition layout from the unused space on the disk. After Entire Disk is chosen bsdinstall displays a dialog indicating that the disk will be erased. The next menu shows a list with the partition schemes types.
GPT is usually the most appropriate choice for amd64 computers. The other partition schemes are generally used for uncommon or older computers. More information is available in Partitioning Schemes. After the partition layout has been created, review it to ensure it meets the needs of the installation. Selecting Revert will reset the partitions to their original values and pressing Auto will recreate the automatic FreeBSD partitions.
Partitions can also be manually created, modified, or deleted. When the partitioning is correct, select Finish to continue with the installation. Once the disks are configured, the next menu provides the last chance to make changes before the selected drives are formatted.
If changes need to be made, select Back to return to the main partitioning menu. Select Commit to start the installation process. To continue with the installation process go to Fetching Distribution Files. Highlight the installation drive ada0 in this example and select Create to display a menu of available partition schemes:.
After the partitioning scheme has been selected and created, select Create again to create the partitions. The Tab key is used to move the cursor between fields. Refer to gpart 8 for descriptions of the available GPT partition types. The Size may be entered with common abbreviations: K for kilobytes, M for megabytes, or G for gigabytes.
Proper sector alignment provides the best performance, and making partition sizes even multiples of 4K bytes helps to ensure alignment on drives with either byte or 4K-byte sectors.
Generally, using partition sizes that are even multiples of 1M or 1G is the easiest way to make sure every partition starts at an even multiple of 4K. There is one exception: the freebsd-boot partition should be no larger than K due to current boot code limitations. A Mountpoint is needed if the partition will contain a file system. The Label is a name by which the partition will be known. Drive names or numbers can change if the drive is connected to a different controller or port, but the partition label does not change.
Use a unique label on every partition to avoid conflicts from identical labels. For instance, use labroot or rootfslab for the UFS root partition on the computer named lab.
Partition sizes shown are typical for a 20G target disk. Labels shown here are prefixed with ex for "example", but readers should use other unique label values as described above. After the custom partitions have been created, select Finish to continue with the installation and go to Fetching Distribution Files. This partitioning mode only works with whole disks and will erase the contents of the entire disk.
The main ZFS configuration menu offers a number of options to control the creation of the pool. The automatic ZFS installer currently only supports the creation of a single top level vdev, except in stripe mode. To create more complex pools, use the instructions in Shell Mode Partitioning to create the pool. Disk Info - Disk Info menu can be used to inspect each disk, including its partition table and various other information such as the device model number and serial number, if available.
Force 4K Sectors? By default, the installer will automatically create partitions aligned to 4K boundaries and force ZFS to use 4K sectors. This is safe even with byte sector disks, and has the added benefit of ensuring that pools created on byte disks will be able to have 4K sector disks added in the future, either as additional storage space or as replacements for failed disks. Press the Enter key to chose to activate it or not. Encrypt Disks?
Press the Enter key to chose activate it or not. Partition Scheme - Allow to choose the partition scheme. GPT is the recommended option in most cases. Press the Enter key to chose between the different options. Mirror Swap? Be aware, enabling mirror swap will break crash dumps.
Press the Enter key to activate it or not. Encrypt Swap? Encrypts the swap with a temporary key each time that the system boots and discards it on reboot. Select T to configure the Pool Type and the disk s that will constitute the pool.
If just one disk fails the data on the pool is lost irrevocably. Mirroring provides a good read performance because data is read from all disks in parallel. Write performance is slower as the data must be written to all disks in the pool. Allows all but one disk to fail. Click MAP button. The tool will back up the partition table information for later restoration. The file has. All data and partitions will be restored as before.
You will now have two new partitions. Once you have installed FreeBSD, you can restore the deleted partition. Although Subversion normally prevents anything horrible like this happening. To ensure that all new features and fixes in need of testing have the greatest possible number of potential testers.
If a stable and fully tested system is needed, stick to full releases. Snapshot releases are directly available from snapshot. The key decisions concerning the FreeBSD project, such as the overall direction of the project and who is allowed to add code to the source tree, are made by a core team of 9 people. There is a much larger team of more than committers who are authorized to make changes directly to the FreeBSD source tree.
However, most non-trivial changes are discussed in advance in the mailing lists , and there are no restrictions on who may take part in the discussion.
The Problem Report database of all user change requests may be queried by using our web-based PR query interface. The web-based problem report submission interface can be used to submit problem reports through a web browser. The current languages and encodings are as follows:.
We produce the documentation in a number of different output formats. Each format has its own advantages and disadvantages. Some formats are better suited for online reading, while others are meant to be aesthetically pleasing when printed on paper.
Having the documentation available in any of these formats ensures that our readers will be able to read the parts they are interested in, either on their monitor, or on paper after printing the documents. The currently available formats are:. Where the format is html-split , the files are bundled up using tar 1. The resulting. All the other formats generate one file. For example, article. These files are then compressed using either the zip or bz2 compression schemes.
So the PDF version of the Handbook, compressed using bzip2 will be stored in a file called book. After choosing the format and compression mechanism, download the compressed files, uncompress them, and then copy the appropriate documents into place. If the file is compressed, tar will automatically detect the appropriate format and decompress it correctly, resulting in a collection of.
The main one is called index. Refer to the Handbook entry on mailing-lists and the Handbook entry on newsgroups. Each of these channels are distinct and are not connected to each other.
Since their chat styles differ, try each to find one suited to your chat style. Refer to their site for more information. Any other organizations providing training and support should contact the Project to be listed here. Most modern computers should use amd Older hardware should use i When installing on a non-xcompatible architecture, select the platform which best matches the hardware. A minimal image that requires network access during installation to completely install FreeBSD.
Full instructions on this procedure and a little bit more about installation issues in general can be found in the Handbook entry on installing FreeBSD. This will almost invariably corrupt the boot image. Check the SHA checksum of the downloaded boot image: if it is not exactly that on the server, then the download process is suspect. When using a command line FTP client, type binary at the FTP command prompt after getting connected to the server and before starting the download of the image.
Customized FreeBSD installation media can be created by building a custom release. Follow the instructions in the Release Engineering article. If that happens, see the next section. This depends upon the boot manager. The FreeBSD boot selection menu can be reinstalled using boot0cfg 8. For example, to restore the boot menu onto the disk ada0 :.
The non-interactive MBR bootloader can be installed using gpart 8 :. For more complex situations, including GPT disks, see gpart 8.
In general, no. There is nothing in the base system which requires the presence of the source to operate. In particular, if the port builds a kernel module or directly operates on kernel structures, the source must be installed. Usually not. For computers with very limited RAM, such as embedded systems, it may be worthwhile to build a smaller custom kernel containing just the required drivers. DES passwords are still available for backwards compatibility with operating systems that still use the less secure password format.
See the login. For FFS file systems, the largest file system is practically limited by the amount of memory required to fsck 8 the file system. This does mean that on architectures which limit userland processes to 2 GB e. Each 32 KB block can point to blocks. Increasing the block size to 64 KB will increase the max file size by a factor of The world and kernel are out of sync.
This is not supported. Be sure to use make buildworld and make buildkernel to update the kernel. Boot the system by specifying the kernel directly at the second stage, pressing any key when the shows up before loader is started. This is discussed continually on the FreeBSD mailing lists but is to be expected since hardware changes so quickly. Chances are a discussion about that type of hardware took place just last week.
Before purchasing a laptop, check the archives for FreeBSD general questions mailing list , or possibly a specific mailing list for a particular hardware type.
Furthermore, some addresses in this range are reserved by hardware for different purposes, for example for using and controlling PCI devices, for accessing video memory, and so on.
Therefore, the total amount of memory usable by the operating system for its kernel and applications is limited to significantly less than 4 GB. Usually, 3. To access more than 3. It remaps the memory that would otherwise be overlaid by address reservations for hardware devices above the 4 GB range and uses it as additional physical memory see pae 4. Using PAE has some drawbacks; this mode of memory access is a little bit slower than the normal without PAE mode and loadable modules see kld 4 are not supported.
This means all drivers must be compiled into the kernel. The most common way to enable PAE is to build a new kernel with the special ready-provided kernel configuration file called PAE , which is already configured to build a safe kernel.
Note that some entries in this kernel configuration file are too conservative and some drivers marked as unready to be used with PAE are actually usable. When creating a custom kernel configuration file, PAE can be enabled by adding the following line:. It has a much larger address space and does not need such tweaks. FreeBSD divides support into multiple tiers. Tier 1 architectures, such as i or amd64; are fully supported. Tiers 2 and 3 are supported on a best-effort basis.
A complete list of supported architectures can be found on the platforms page. Microcode is a method of programmatically implementing hardware level instructions. This allows for CPU bugs to be fixed without replacing the on board chip. Run the mouse daemon, moused 8 , and turn on the mouse pointer in the virtual console:.
Where xxxx is the mouse device name and yyyy is a protocol type for the mouse. The mouse daemon can automatically determine the protocol type of most mice, except old serial mice. Specify the auto protocol to invoke automatic detection. If automatic detection does not work, see the moused 8 manual page for a list of supported protocol types. When the mouse daemon is running, access to the mouse must be coordinated between the mouse daemon and other programs such as X Windows.
It is not possible to remove data using the mouse. However, it is possible to copy and paste. Once the mouse daemon is running as described in the previous question , hold down button 1 left button and move the mouse to select a region of text. Then, press button 2 middle button to paste it at the text cursor. Pressing button 3 right button will "extend" the selected region of text. If the mouse does not have a middle button, it is possible to emulate one or remap buttons using mouse daemon options.
See the moused 8 manual page for details. The answer is, unfortunately, "It depends". These mice with additional features require specialized driver in most cases. Unless the mouse device driver or the user program has specific support for the mouse, it will act just like a standard two, or three button mouse. For the possible usage of wheels in the X Window environment, refer to that section. See sh 1 and editrc 5. See csh 1. Some sound cards set their output volume to 0 at every boot.
Run the following command every time the machine boots:. Further information can be found in acpi 4. The most likely reason is the difference between physical memory addresses and virtual addresses. The convention for most PC hardware is to use the memory area between 3. This address space is used to access PCI hardware. As a result real, physical memory cannot be accessed by that address space.
What happens to the memory that should appear in that location is hardware dependent. Unfortunately, some hardware does nothing and the ability to use that last MB of RAM is entirely lost.
Luckily, most hardware remaps the memory to a higher location so that it can still be used. However, this can cause some confusion when watching the boot messages. On a bit version of FreeBSD, the memory appears lost, since it will be remapped above 4 GB, which a bit kernel is unable to access.
In this case, the solution is to build a PAE enabled kernel. See the entry on memory limits for more information. During boot, however, it may seem as if FreeBSD is detecting more memory than the system really has, due to the described remapping. This is normal and the available memory will be corrected as the boot process completes. Signal 11 errors are caused when a process has attempted to access memory which the operating system has not granted it access to.
If something like this is happening at seemingly random intervals, start investigating the cause. If the problem is occurring only in a specific custom application, it is probably a bug in the code.
It is probably not a FreeBSD bug if the problem occurs compiling a program, but the activity that the compiler is carrying out changes each time. For example, if make buildworld fails while trying to compile ls. Try updating source and try again. If the compile fails elsewhere, it is almost certainly due to hardware. In the first case, use a debugger such as gdb 1 to find the point in the program which is attempting to access a bogus address and fix it.
The hard disks might be overheating: Check that the fans are still working, as the disk and other hardware might be overheating. The processor running is overheating: This might be because the processor has been overclocked, or the fan on the processor might have died. In either case, ensure that the hardware is running at what it is specified to run at, at least while trying to solve this problem.
If it is not, clock it back to the default settings. Regarding overclocking, it is far cheaper to have a slow system than a fried system that needs replacing! Also the community is not sympathetic to problems on overclocked systems.
Over-optimistic motherboard settings: the BIOS settings, and some motherboard jumpers, provide options to set various timings. The defaults are often sufficient, but sometimes setting the wait states on RAM too low, or setting the "RAM Speed: Turbo" option will cause strange behavior. A possible idea is to set to BIOS defaults, after noting the current settings first.
Unclean or insufficient power to the motherboard. Or try another power supply, preferably one with a little more power. For instance, if the current power supply is rated at Watts, try one rated at Watts. Read the section on Signal 11 for a further explanation and a discussion on how memory testing software or hardware can still pass faulty memory. Finally, if none of this has helped, it is possibly a bug in FreeBSD.
Follow these instructions to send a problem report. The FreeBSD developers are interested in these errors, but need more information than just the error message. Copy the full crash message. Then consult the FAQ section on kernel panics , build a debugging kernel, and get a backtrace.
This might sound difficult, but does not require any programming skills. Just follow the instructions. The FreeBSD kernel will only allow a certain number of processes to exist at one time. The number is based on the kern. If the machine is heavily loaded, increase kern. This will increase these other system limits in addition to the maximum number of processes. To adjust the kern. While that section refers to open files, the same limits apply to processes.
If the machine is lightly loaded but running a very large number of processes, adjust the kern. The tunable will not get adjusted until the system is rebooted. For more information about tuning tunables, see loader. If these processes are being run by a single user, adjust kern. It must be at least one less because one system program, init 8 , must always be running. The remote machine may be setting the terminal type to something other than xterm which is required by the FreeBSD console.
Alternatively the kernel may have the wrong values for the width and height of the terminal. Check the value of the TERM environment variable is xterm. If the remote machine does not support that try vt Run stty -a to check what the kernel thinks the terminal dimensions are. If they are incorrect, they can be changed by running stty rows RR cols CC. The symptom: there is a long delay between the time the TCP connection is established and the time when the client software asks for a password or, in telnet 1 's case, when a login prompt appears.
Many servers, including the Telnet and SSH servers that come with FreeBSD, do this to store the hostname in a log file for future reference by the administrator. The remedy: if the problem occurs whenever connecting the client computer to any server, the problem is with the client.
If the problem only occurs when someone connects to the server computer, the problem is with the server. If the problem is with the client, the only remedy is to fix the DNS so the server can resolve it. If this is on a local network, consider it a server problem and keep reading. If this is on the Internet, contact your ISP. If the problem is with the server on a local network, configure the server to resolve address-to-hostname queries for the local address range.
See hosts 5 and named 8 for more information. To check, try to look up another host such as www. If it does not work, that is the problem. This error message indicates that the number of available file descriptors have been exhausted on the system. Refer to the kern. Run dmesg 8 , and check for lines that contain Timecounter. The one with the highest quality value that FreeBSD chose.
Confirm this by checking the kern. It may be a broken ACPI timer. Or the BIOS may modify the TSC clock-perhaps to change the speed of the processor when running from batteries, or going into a power saving mode, but FreeBSD is unaware of these adjustments, and appears to gain or lose time. In this example, the i clock is also available, and can be selected by writing its name to the kern.
This means that a process is trying to page memory from disk, and the page attempt has hung trying to access the disk for more than 20 seconds. Otherwise, check the cables and connections. The FreeBSD kernel uses a number of resource locks to arbitrate contention for certain resources. This sort of locking problem can be avoided if all threads obtain the locks in the same order. A run-time lock diagnostic system called witness 4 , enabled in FreeBSD-CURRENT and disabled by default for stable branches and releases, detects the potential for deadlocks due to locking errors, including errors caused by obtaining multiple resource locks with a different order from different parts of the kernel.
The witness 4 framework tries to detect this problem as it happens, and reports it by printing a message to the system console about a lock order reversal often referred to also as LOR. It is possible to get false positives, as witness 4 is conservative.
A true positive report does not mean that a system is dead-locked; instead it should be understood as a warning that a deadlock could have happened here. This means that a function that may sleep was called while a mutex or other unsleepable lock was held. The reason this is an error is because mutexes are not intended to be held for long periods of time; they are supposed to only be held to maintain short periods of synchronization. This programming contract allows device drivers to use mutexes to synchronize with the rest of the kernel during interrupts.
Interrupts under FreeBSD may not sleep. Hence it is imperative that no subsystem in the kernel block for an extended period while holding a mutex. To catch such errors, assertions may be added to the kernel that interact with the witness 4 subsystem to emit a warning or fatal error depending on the system configuration when a potentially blocking call is made while holding a mutex.
For additional information about locking in FreeBSD see locking 9. This error does not mean that the touch 1 utility is missing. The error is instead probably due to the dates of the files being set sometime in the future.
If the CMOS clock is set to local time, run adjkerntz -i to adjust the kernel clock when booting into single-user mode. Refer to the ports page for info on software packages ported to FreeBSD.
Most ports should work on all supported versions of FreeBSD. Those that do not are specifically marked as such. FreeBSD supports compressed binary packages to easily install and uninstall ports. Use pkg 7 to control the installation of packages. See Installing the Ports Collection.
First, make sure that the Ports Collection is up-to-date. Errors that affect building INDEX from an up-to-date copy of the Ports Collection are high-visibility and are thus almost always fixed immediately. FreeBSD does not include a port upgrading tool, but it does have some tools to make the upgrade process somewhat easier. While a recent system will run with software compiled under an older release, things will randomly crash and fail to work once other ports are installed or updated.
When the system is upgraded, various shared libraries, loadable modules, and other parts of the system will be replaced with newer versions. Applications linked against the older versions may fail to start or, in other cases, fail to function properly. FreeBSD developers do their utmost to guarantee binary compatibility across all releases with the same major version number.
Any exceptions will be documented in the Release Notes, and advice given there should be followed. Many people need to write shell scripts which will be portable across many systems. Most scripts are written in Bourne shell sh 1 , and because several important programming interfaces make 1 , system 3 , popen 3 , and analogues in higher-level scripting languages like Perl and Tcl are specified to use the Bourne shell to interpret commands. As the Bourne shell is so often and widely used, it is important for it to be quick to start, be deterministic in its behavior, and have a small memory footprint.
The existing implementation is our best effort at meeting as many of these requirements simultaneously as we can. That is why other more featureful shells like bash , scsh , tcsh 1 , and zsh are available. Not at all!
Check out the kernel config section of the Handbook. If a mistake is made in the configuration, simply boot the previous version of the kernel. Kernels built in debug mode contain debug data in separate files that are used for debugging. FreeBSD releases prior to In FreeBSD Note that there will be little or no performance loss from running a debug kernel, and it is useful to keep one around in case of a system panic.
For more information see src. If you want to avoid building debug files altogether, make sure that both of the following are true:. Do not run config 8 with -g. Only the listed modules will be built. This reduces the size of the kernel directory and decreases the amount of time needed to build the kernel.
Unneeded devices can be removed from the kernel to further reduce the size. See I would like to customize my kernel. Is it difficult? To put any of these options into effect, follow the instructions to build and install the new kernel. The source tree is different from the one used to build the currently running system. The make buildkernel did not complete successfully.
The make buildkernel target relies on files generated by the make buildworld target to complete its job correctly. Try re-fetching the source tree and see if the problem goes away. Try using a different mirror in case the previous one is having problems. The name of the scheduler currently being used is directly available as the value of the kern. The best way is to reinstall the operating system on the new disk, then move the user data over.
This is highly recommended when tracking -STABLE for more than one release or when updating a release instead of installing a new one.
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